IMPLICATIONS OF USING EXPECTANCY INSTRUMENTAL VALENCE THEORY AS A REWARD SYSTEM FOR MIDDLE AND LOWER LEVEL MANAGERS
INTRODUCTION Middle level managers are the tactical managers acting as a link between the strategic and functional managers. Their roles in business processes and decision making cannot be overlooked; hence they need to be adequately motivated. One of the theories that attempt to come up with better system of motivating middle-level managers is the Expectancy [...]
